smoking

In the meantime, smoking -- a well-established risk factor for kidney cancer -- has continued to decline.

“Everyone knows these flavors are particularly dangerous in terms of kids starting the use of smoking product,” she said.

The government is tightening up the rules about how vapes are marketed and sold, alongside wider plans to tackle health issues caused by smoking.

Research from health psychology, meanwhile, suggests that people need both explicit information about the threat — for instance, that smoking can cause lung cancer — and what they can do to avoid it.

The research team suggested low levels of physical activity could even rival the negative effects of smoking, with other research finding each cigarette could take 11 minutes from a smoker's life.