probability function

The positions of the smoke particles can be described by a Gaussian, or normal, probability function.

If one particle was radioactive, we could measure where it was with a detector, and its probability function would collapse.

Each proton is a quantum particle, containing a probability function that describes its location, enabling the two wavefunctions of interacting particles to overlap ever so slightly, even when the repulsive electric force would otherwise keep them entirely apart.

When we observe where a particle is located, the probability function “collapses,” going from zero percent probability for all the locations where the part is not found to 100 percent for the place where it is observed.

A P value was calculated using a Poisson probability function given the expected and observed number of mutations for each gene. values were corrected for multiple testing using the Benjamini–Hochberg method and the resulting Q values were converted to scores by taking the negative log10 of the values with a maximum possible value of 16.