efflux

Nedergaard proposed that this efflux relied on the pumping of fluid through tiny glymphatic vessels between neurons, which her team had identified in an earlier study.

To address this, the scientists designed new versions of the drug spectinomycin that overcome efflux, the main mechanism driving resistance.

P. aeruginosa also has other defenses, including highly specialized porins that allow it to bring in specific nutrients while keeping out everything else, and efflux pumps that eject unwanted compounds, Geddes said.

To infiltrate E. coli, the phage uses an efflux pump, a protein E. coli normally uses to pump antibiotics out of the cell.

Most prominently, this activated the bacteria’s efflux pump systems, a general expulsion system that many bacteria use to eliminate various molecules, including antibiotics.