diffraction

They used two types of x-ray diffraction analysis to explore the encapsulation process as it happened.

Furthermore, to elucidate the role of the halogen bonds in the above-mentioned photoinduced sequential dynamics, the researchers conducted quantum chemistry calculations using the ultrafast electron diffraction results.

This is called a 'Fresnel lens' or 'zone plate lens', and it focuses light using diffraction rather than refraction.

The single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collection and refinement were supported by the DOE Office of Science.

Using many advanced techniques, including X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, they determined the elemental distribution and crystallinity of each of the films.