ascertained

In terms of the quantity of the gas being expelled, scientists ascertained that ionised- and neutral-gas outflows measured by their equipment ultimately reached "0.14–2.9 and 30–100 solar mass per year, respectively."

But how easily its meaning is ascertained raises questions about whether "DEI hire" is a dog whistle in the traditional sense, more slur-adjacent as some suggest, or something new.

That was the year Bridget Bishop was ascertained to be a witch by frightened, conformist Puritan religious elders in the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

Some of those things can be ascertained through survey research.

The identity of the victim - thought to be a white man in his 40s who had been dead for several days - has still not been ascertained, despite a scan of DNA databases.