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To develop safer, more effective ionizable lipids, the Penn Engineers employed a unique approach that combines two prevailing methods: medicinal chemistry, which involves slowly and laboriously designing molecules one step at a time, and combinatorial chemistry, which involves generating many different molecules quickly through simple reactions.

Organisms are constantly taking in an array of sensory information about the environment that is changing from one moment to the next.

One possibility is the anatomy of the circuit: the connections that form between each neuron and how many connections they make.

In the case of traffic signal control, each task could be one intersection in a task space that includes all intersections in the city.

She can train one algorithm for each intersection independently, using only that intersection's data, or train a larger algorithm using data from all intersections and then apply it to each one.