causal

Although the study found an association between the initial proportion of shape-based nouns in a child's vocabulary and later language development, the researchers said further investigation is needed to establish a causal link.

As with many rare phobias, causal factors for people with bananaphobia can be hard to determine, but experts say it can often stem from childhood.

"Anecdotal reports can serve as important indicators of environmental health problems," she says, but stresses that without systematic data collection, establishing evidence of a causal relationship is difficult.

While we agree that any fake news is probably not good, there is ample research to see that repeated interaction with content is really what drives underlying causal understanding of the world, narratives, however you want to describe it.

Announcing the agreement, the UK government acknowledged there was "limited research and evidence on the causal impact that social media has on children and young people".