brunet

"The whole program is like day and night -- there is life in the normal state and life in the diapause state, and the way this happened was by reshuffling or re-wiring the regulatory region of a whole set of genes," says senior author and molecular biologist Anne Brunet of Stanford University.

"Even though diapause evolved relatively recently, the genes that are specialized in diapause are really ancient," said Brunet.

"One of the key elements of diapause is this special lipid metabolism," said Brunet.

Dr Johanne Brunet and Dr Fabiana Fragoso, authors of the review, argue that efforts to control the various factors that negatively impact pollinators must continue given the dire consequences.

"Measures must keep being implemented to reduce climate change and prevent its serious negative impacts on pollinators. Climate change has the most diverse negative impacts on pollinators and is the threat most difficult to control," said Dr Brunet.