✅ Rival refers to someone competing for the same goal or position (The two companies are fierce rivals in the tech industry).

✅ Adversary denotes an opponent or enemy in a conflict or competition (The lawyer faced a tough adversary in court).

✅ Both terms describe opponents or competitors.

✅ Rival is often used in contexts of competition, while adversary can imply a more antagonistic relationship (The rivals competed for the championship; Attila the Hun was a brutal adversary of the Romans).

✅ Translate means to convert text or speech from one language to another (He needed to translate the document into Spanish).

✅ Transcribe means to convert spoken words into written form (She had to transcribe the interview for the report).

✅ Both words involve converting information from one form into another.

✅ Translate is used for converting languages, while transcribe is used for converting speech to text or other forms (The translator worked on multilingual documents; The clerk transcribed the meeting notes).

✅ Shirk means to avoid or neglect a responsibility (He tried to shirk his duties by pretending to be busy).

✅ Malinger refers to pretending to be ill or injured to avoid work (They were suspected of malingering to avoid a tough assignment).

✅ Both terms involve evading duties or responsibilities.

✅ Shirk is more about avoiding tasks, while malinger specifically involves feigning illness or injury (We shirked our cleaning duties, opting to swim in the pool instead; I malingered, saying I had a foot injury, and stayed home for a few days).