motive force

Differentials in pH between condensates and the surrounding nucleoplasm generate gradients and "a pH gradient generates what is known as a proton motive force," King said.

This proton motive force, measured to be -88 mJ per proton, "might be able to facilitate directional movement of RNA and protein molecules, which is a key first step in enabling ribosomal assembly," King added.

"We have pretty strong evidence that this new structural class is active against Gram-positive pathogens by selectively dissipating the proton motive force in bacteria," Wong says.

That is the motive force in the rise of authoritarian rulers and would-be rulers around the world, from Russia to Hungary to Turkey to Brazil to the Philippines to the United States.

“That was her motive force, that women deserved abortion without restriction and without apology. Otherwise,” she continued, borrowing language from Ms. Maginnis, “we were just ‘breeding chattel.’