tidal

The process of salt collection in San Francisco Bay was industrialised in the 1800s but now the bay's salt ponds are part of a major restoration project, bringing back tidal marshes and wildlife.

"Big surf means greater risk from rip currents, and the swell also coincides with spring tides, which means more powerful tidal water movement at greater speed," Mr Cousens said.

Further south, there were tidal surges of up to 0.7m in San Francisco.

He is worried that the "tidal wave of nicotine pouch use" that has hit Sweden - the home of the original, tobacco-based snus - will soon hit the UK.

Born to a Portuguese father and an English mother, Bronze grew up in north-east England, living on Holy Island - a tidal island in Northumberland also known as Lindisfarne - with her older brother and younger sister.