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In mammals, these stem cells are found in a region of the hair follicle known as the bulge-sub-bulge area.

Even with DNA damage present, these cells avoid seno-differentiation and continue to renew themselves.

These niche-derived signals block the protective differentiation response, pushing the stem cells toward a cancer-prone state.

According to Nishimura, "These findings reveal that the same stem cell population can follow antagonistic fates -- exhaustion or expansion -- depending on the type of stress and microenvironmental signals."

These neural circuits track critical processes including circulation, digestion, and immune activity.