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When deciding what to bring in early, Academy looked for items with low markdown liability, or items that don’t go out of season, Ford said.

In Chicago, a 200,000-square-foot-office building in the city’s Clybourn Corridor that sold in 2004 for nearly $90 million was purchased last month for $20 million, a 78 percent markdown.

The consumer groups Knowledge Ecology International and the Union for Affordable Cancer Treatment petitioned the NIH to make the patent available to Biolyse Pharma, which had offered to sell a generic version of the drug for $3 per pill, a 95% markdown from the price charged for Xtandi by the drug makers Astellas and Pfizer.

The Kremlin also made explicit what had been implied since the Kinross deal: Companies were required to sell for at least a 50% markdown.

"Our model gauges the risk of a certain item expiring on the shelf rather than being sold, and makes the decision as to whether a markdown is required or not," says David Kat, the firm's senior vice president of business development.