airflow

The subtle highs and lows create ridges, which sear, and recessed pockets that promote airflow and deter sticking.

This change in weather is driven by the position of Storm Benjamin in the North Sea, drawing down a cold Arctic northerly airflow across the UK.

He adds that single-aspect homes, with windows only at the front of a room, are hot in part because of a lack of airflow.

City Hall said strong sunshine and hot weather are expected to trigger high ozone levels, with airflow from mainland Europe likely to worsen the situation.

Breezeways - outdoor passages with roofs that improve airflow - water features and curved buildings could also tackle the issue, but planting more trees should be the priority, said the team from Cardiff University.